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In the current study, we investigated the TEE, thermoregulation, and physical activity of free-living nomadic pastoralists in Tuva (south-central Siberia, Russia), during winter. The pastoralists lived in yurts and practised animal husbandry, which required the regular herding of livestock for many hours per day in an extreme cold environment. Total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, physical activity, skin temperature, and the ambient temperature of the individuals were measured. The aims of this paper were to measure the energetics of these people and determine the contribution of physical activity and cold-induced thermogenesis to TEE. Additionally, the results are compared to western populations.

At times the various territories with legal systems of their own which were founded throughout Russian and Chinese Turkestan, Inner and Outer Mongolia and the southern part of Siberia after the downfall of Jenghiz Khan's empire, were independent; and at other times they acknowledged the sovereignty of China or Russia. Chinese sovereignty was usually nominal; the amount of tribute collected depended on the decision of the governor-general rather than on a policy of the central government. For centuries the Mongolian people practised a system of dual-citizenship, considering themselves citizens of their own state and likewise subjects of China, Russia or any other country on whose territory they happened to find themselves -- for example, Dzungaria, which ruled over a part of western Mongolia and present-day Russian and Chinese Turkestan until 1757. The amount of tribute was often regulated by treaties. Such a dual-citizenship also existed in the Altai district until 1865, when borders were more or less definitely set, and is still practised in the region of the Upper Yenisei, now "independent" Tannu-Tuva.[ii]

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Down to the present, the question of immigration has been the one major international issue in which the Mongolian people in every walk of life felt concerned. They know that free entry of either Chinese or Russians to their land means the end of their national existence. As a result, whether Mongolia is pro-Chinese or pro-Russian, or becomes either in the future, depends upon the attitudes taken by the two Powers on the subject of colonization. True independence will be most difficult for Mongolia, situated as she is between Russia and China. The Mongols have always been willing to accept help from any neighboring nation if that would ensure them against an influx of colonists. This is the basic factor on which hinges the settlement of all Mongolian problems.

Now comes the publication of the treaty negotiated in Moscow by Premier Soong and Foreign Commissar Molotov, and of the text of two accompanying letters referring specifically to Outer Mongolia. In one of these letters the Chinese Government declares its readiness to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia, within its existing boundaries, provided a plebiscite indicates that this is the desire of the people of the area. In the second, the Soviet Union takes note of China's readiness to do this and states its own intention to respect Outer Mongolia's independence and territorial integrity. The phraseology might not preclude the eventual absorption of the independent Mongolian People's Republic into the Soviet Union, composed as it is of at least technically independent republics. But for the purposes of the Mongol inhabitants the guarantee will be judged chiefly by whether or not the Soviet authorities continue, as they have done up to now, to limit emigration into Mongolian territory.

Tuvan throat singing, in which people are able to simultaneously produce and independently control two different distinct pitches using the human vocal apparatus, has fascinated hearing and speech researchers for decades. This careful study examines the acoustics of the produced sound and offers new insights into why the produced sound results in two distinct, separately controllable pitches.

There is widespread suspicion that the IAAC has become a tool for political retribution, largely controlled by people who do not themselves wish to face corruption charges leveled by a truly independent authority. Kh. Enkhjargal, head of the IAAC, resigned in April 2020. After the resignation of Speaker of Parliament Enkhbold, he faced political pressure from President Battulga to resign despite his 6-year term. Subsequently, the president nominated a new head of the IAAC for parliamentary approval in May 2020. In January 2021, parliament made amendments to the Law on Fighting Corruption that enables the prime minister to directly appoint the head of the IAAC.

We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common fate on our land, establishing human rights and freedoms, civil peace and accord, preserving the historically established State unity, proceeding from universally acknowledged principles of equality and self-determination of peoples, revering the memory of ancestors who have passed on to us their love for the Fatherland and faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting the firmness of its democratic basis, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland before present and future generations, recognizing ourselves to be a part of the world community, do hereby adopt THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

2. Possession, utilisation and disposal of land and other natural resources shall be exercised by the owners freely provided that this is not detrimental to the environment and does not violate the rights and lawful interests of other people.

3. Human and civil rights and freedoms may be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary for the protection of the basis of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other people, and for ensuring the defence of the country and the security of the State.

1. On assuming office the President of the Russian Federation shall take the following oath of loyalty to the people: "I swear that in exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation I shall respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation, protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the State, and faithfully serve the people".

The Turkic peoples are a group of peoples. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic family. A Turkic person is called a Turk and mainly come from these independent states Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.[4]

Please note: Dark Skies was created in Kontakt 3.5 so earlier versions of Kontakt will not be able to open the files. Zero-G offer a free download of the Kontakt2 instruments to any Dark Skies purchaser who needs the .nki files to work in Kontakt 2 or 3. Email information@zero-g.co.uk and Zero-G will send the files. The included Kontakt Files will not work in the free Kontakt Player. Users are still able to use the other included sample formats, even if they do not own Kontakt. 2ff7e9595c